India’s new UPI merchant fee regime raises a simple but important question: when digital payments are no longer free for businesses, who ultimately absorbs the cost? While most users will see little immediate impact, the introduction of MDR on select transactions above ₹2,000 could reshape how merchants, lenders, brokers and other businesses think about payments, pricing and customer behaviour.

So who is actually going to pay for this? That was the question that kicked off a conversation among my colleagues about UPI’s new merchant charge.
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